Theory of filters on sets #
A filter on a type α is a collection of sets of α which contains the whole α,
is upwards-closed, and is stable under intersection. They are mostly used to
abstract two related kinds of ideas:
- limits, including finite or infinite limits of sequences, finite or infinite limits of functions at a point or at infinity, etc...
- things happening eventually, including things happening for large enough
n : ℕ, or near enough a pointx, or for close enough pairs of points, or things happening almost everywhere in the sense of measure theory. Dually, filters can also express the idea of things happening often: for arbitrarily largen, or at a point in any neighborhood of given a point etc...
Main definitions #
In this file, we endow Filter α it with a complete lattice structure.
This structure is lifted from the lattice structure on Set (Set X) using the Galois
insertion which maps a filter to its elements in one direction, and an arbitrary set of sets to
the smallest filter containing it in the other direction.
We also prove Filter is a monadic functor, with a push-forward operation
Filter.map and a pull-back operation Filter.comap that form a Galois connections for the
order on filters.
The examples of filters appearing in the description of the two motivating ideas are:
(Filter.atTop : Filter ℕ): made of sets ofℕcontaining{n | n ≥ N}for someN𝓝 x: made of neighborhoods ofxin a topological space (defined in topology.basic)𝓤 X: made of entourages of a uniform space (those space are generalizations of metric spaces defined inMathlib/Topology/UniformSpace/Basic.lean)MeasureTheory.ae: made of sets whose complement has zero measure with respect toμ(defined inMathlib/MeasureTheory/OuterMeasure/AE)
The predicate "happening eventually" is Filter.Eventually, and "happening often" is
Filter.Frequently, whose definitions are immediate after Filter is defined (but they come
rather late in this file in order to immediately relate them to the lattice structure).
Notations #
∀ᶠ x in f, p x:f.Eventually p;∃ᶠ x in f, p x:f.Frequently p;f =ᶠ[l] g:∀ᶠ x in l, f x = g x;f ≤ᶠ[l] g:∀ᶠ x in l, f x ≤ g x;𝓟 s:Filter.Principal s, localized inFilter.
References #
- [N. Bourbaki, General Topology][bourbaki1966]
Important note: Bourbaki requires that a filter on X cannot contain all sets of X, which
we do not require. This gives Filter X better formal properties, in particular a bottom element
⊥ for its lattice structure, at the cost of including the assumption
[NeBot f] in a number of lemmas and definitions.
Equations
- Filter.inhabitedMem = { default := ⟨Set.univ, ⋯⟩ }
An extensionality lemma that is useful for filters with good lemmas about sᶜ ∈ f (e.g.,
Filter.comap, Filter.coprod, Filter.Coprod, Filter.cofinite).
Equations
- Filter.instTransSetMemSubset = { trans := ⋯ }
Weaker version of Filter.iInter_mem that assumes Subsingleton β rather than Finite β.
GenerateSets g s: s is in the filter closure of g.
- basic {α : Type u} {g : Set (Set α)} {s : Set α} : s ∈ g → Filter.GenerateSets g s
- univ {α : Type u} {g : Set (Set α)} : Filter.GenerateSets g Set.univ
- superset {α : Type u} {g : Set (Set α)} {s t : Set α} : Filter.GenerateSets g s → s ⊆ t → Filter.GenerateSets g t
- inter {α : Type u} {g : Set (Set α)} {s t : Set α} : Filter.GenerateSets g s → Filter.GenerateSets g t → Filter.GenerateSets g (s ∩ t)
Instances For
generate g is the largest filter containing the sets g.
Equations
- Filter.generate g = { sets := {s : Set α | Filter.GenerateSets g s}, univ_sets := ⋯, sets_of_superset := ⋯, inter_sets := ⋯ }
Instances For
mkOfClosure s hs constructs a filter on α whose elements set is exactly
s : Set (Set α), provided one gives the assumption hs : (generate s).sets = s.
Equations
- Filter.mkOfClosure s hs = { sets := s, univ_sets := ⋯, sets_of_superset := ⋯, inter_sets := ⋯ }
Instances For
Galois insertion from sets of sets into filters.
Equations
- Filter.giGenerate α = { choice := fun (s : Set (Set α)) (hs : (Filter.generate s).sets ≤ s) => Filter.mkOfClosure s ⋯, gc := ⋯, le_l_u := ⋯, choice_eq := ⋯ }
Instances For
Complete lattice structure on Filter α.
Equations
- Filter.instCompleteLatticeFilter = CompleteLattice.mk ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
Equations
- Filter.instInhabited = { default := ⊥ }
Either f = ⊥ or Filter.NeBot f. This is a version of eq_or_ne that uses Filter.NeBot
as the second alternative, to be used as an instance.
Alias of the reverse direction of Filter.principal_mono.
Lattice equations #
There is exactly one filter on an empty type.
Equations
- Filter.unique = { default := ⊥, uniq := ⋯ }
There are only two filters on a Subsingleton: ⊥ and ⊤. If the type is empty, then they are
equal.
Equations
If f : ι → Filter α is directed, ι is not empty, and ∀ i, f i ≠ ⊥, then iInf f ≠ ⊥.
See also iInf_neBot_of_directed for a version assuming Nonempty α instead of Nonempty ι.
If f : ι → Filter α is directed, α is not empty, and ∀ i, f i ≠ ⊥, then iInf f ≠ ⊥.
See also iInf_neBot_of_directed' for a version assuming Nonempty ι instead of Nonempty α.
principal equations #
Alias of the reverse direction of Filter.principal_neBot_iff.
Eventually #
Alias of Filter.Eventually.of_forall.
Frequently #
Alias of Filter.Frequently.of_forall.
Alias of the forward direction of Filter.frequently_inf_principal.
Alias of the reverse direction of Filter.frequently_inf_principal.
Relation “eventually equal” #
Alias of Filter.EventuallyEq.of_eq.
Equations
- Filter.instTransForallEventuallyEqEventuallyLE = { trans := ⋯ }
Equations
- Filter.instTransForallEventuallyLEEventuallyEq = { trans := ⋯ }
Push-forwards, pull-backs, and the monad structure #
If functions m₁ and m₂ are eventually equal at a filter f, then
they map this filter to the same filter.
The analog of kernImage for filters. A set s belongs to Filter.kernMap m f if either of
the following equivalent conditions hold.
- There exists a set
t ∈ fsuch thats = kernImage m t. This is used as a definition. - There exists a set
tsuch thattᶜ ∈ fandsᶜ = m '' t, seeFilter.mem_kernMap_iff_complandFilter.compl_mem_kernMap.
This definition because it gives a right adjoint to Filter.comap, and because it has a nice
interpretation when working with co- filters (Filter.cocompact, Filter.cofinite, ...).
For example, kernMap m (cocompact α) is the filter generated by the complements of the sets
m '' K where K is a compact subset of α.
Equations
- Filter.kernMap m f = { sets := Set.kernImage m '' f.sets, univ_sets := ⋯, sets_of_superset := ⋯, inter_sets := ⋯ }
Instances For
Filter as a Monad #
In this section we define Filter.monad, a Monad structure on Filters. This definition is not
an instance because its Seq projection is not equal to the Filter.seq function we use in the
Applicative instance on Filter.
The monad structure on filters.
Equations
Instances For
The variables in the following lemmas are used as in this diagram:
φ
α → β
θ ↓ ↓ ψ
γ → δ
ρ
Temporary lemma that we can tag with gcongr
Temporary lemma that we can tag with gcongr
A useful lemma when dealing with uniformities.
bind equations #
Alias of the reverse direction of Filter.map_surjOn_Iic_iff_surjOn.
Alias of the reverse direction of Filter.filter_injOn_Iic_iff_injOn.